The Anti Vaccine Movement - 1426 Words

Myths tend to be persistent and require a lot of debunking. The anti-vaccine movement can credit its recent increase in successfully spreading fears that vaccines, and particularly either the MMR vaccine (mumps, measles, and rubella) or the vaccine preservative thimerosal, are linked to autism. The claim that the MMR vaccine causes autism is not backed by any scientific evidence and therefore should not be believed. Autism is a developmental disability that is caused by differences in how the brain functions. People with autism may communicate, interact, behave, and learn in different ways and show repetitive behaviors. About 1 in 68 children have been identified with autism in communities across the United States. According to the myth, children seemed to develop autism shortly after receiving the MMR vaccine shot. The resistance to vaccines is worldwide, but alone in the U.S., we experienced 23 measles outbreaks in 2014, including one large outbreak of 383 cases, occurring primarily among unvaccinated Amish communities in Ohio. From January 1 to October 16, 2015, 189 people from 24 states and the District of Columbia were reported to have measles. The majority of people who got measles were unvaccinated. In Feb. 1998 an article by Andrew Wakefield was published. The article claimed that the Rubella virus is associated with autism and the combined MMR vaccine caused autism. Anti-vaccination groups and parents began using Wakefield’s article as reason to opt-out ofShow MoreRelatedThe Anti Vaccine Movement And The Vaccine1620 Words   |  7 Pages The Anti-Vaccine Movement Although the MMR link to autism is one of the most recent anti-vaccine incidences, the anti-vaccine movement didn’t begin with the suggestion that MMR caused autism. Previous vaccine scare incidences arose prior to the 1998 study on MMR that fueled more anti-vaccine sentiments. Offit (2011) claims that the modern American anti-vaccine movement began when a documentary titled DPT: Vaccine Roulette, aired on April 19, 1982. The documentary questioned the safety and effectivenessRead MoreVaccines : The Anti Vaccine Movement1385 Words   |  6 PagesVaccines save lives; fear endangers them. Vaccinations have been used since the 18th century to cure various deadly diseases, from smallpox to the influenza virus. On a global level, vaccination is one of the few cost-effective medical measures that result in universal benefit. Yet there have always been those opposed to vaccinations because of possible side effects. With the increase in technology and the ability to share ideas in modern society the anti vaccine movement has flourished making theRead MoreThe Anti Vaccine Movement Paper1004 Words   |  5 PagesPierce Kurek Anti-Vaccine Movement Paper 4 September 2016 The first argument that I found compelling – in the manner that someone with little formal training in science might be susceptible to – was the claim that there are unnatural and dangerous chemicals and poisons in vaccines. Through looking at a short list provided by the Healthy Home Economist, you can see things that would make any parent nervous: formaldehyde, aluminum, mercury, antifreeze, and many more. These are dangerous chemicalsRead MoreChildren Of The Anti Vaccine Movement Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesat one time lead to death. Recently, there has been an anti-vaccine movement composed of parents debating over whether or not their child’s safety is in the best interest due to harmful side effects that have been identified when it comes to specific vaccines. The CDC recommends each child have a set of sixteen different vaccinations by the age of 6 years old, of those being the MMR which comes in 2 separate doses. By giving children vaccines there is an opportunity to minimize the risk of spreadingRead MoreEssay on Anti-Vaccine Movement: An Ongoing Battle1303 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Vaccine Movement: An Ongoing Battle Should children’s health be at risk for the greater good of community health? The news today is full of tragic stories about complications of vaccine use and there have been injuries from the beginning of vaccine use due to incomplete data on the side effects. The injuries have also brought about changes in the way vaccines are manufactured. The Georgia State Government requires citizens to receive vaccines in order to attend day care, go to school, and workRead MoreThe Anti Vaccination Movement : Vaccines Are Dangerous Or Ineffective?2514 Words   |  11 PagesRecently an anti-vaccination movement has sparked a worldwide discussion about both the safety of vaccines and the responsibility of people to vaccinate. Recent outbreaks of preventable diseases have caused both fear and anger from people on both sides of the issue. These same outbreaks have also served to cause significant political tension between those against vaccines, who do not want their right to choose compromi sed, and many proponents of vaccines, who are calling for mandatory vaccinationsRead MoreAnti Vaccine Movement Is Making Strong Waves Upon Society1411 Words   |  6 Pagesfatalities. In 1963 the measles virus vaccine was licensed in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Today, the notoriously rampant measles virus is almost unheard of. Measles is one of many diseases that have been prevented, or eradicated by the use of vaccines. Today many of America’s most infamous diseases such as Measles, Hepatitis A, Mumps, and Pertussis have seen a greater than 85% decrease in reported contractions since the pre-vaccine era, and the Smallpox virus has beenRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccination1414 Words   |  6 PagesControl (CDC) describes vaccination as being one of the ten greatest achievements in public health of the 20th century (CDC 1999) Despite this regard, speculation regarding the matter of vaccines has been around for nearly the entirety of thei r existence (Wolfe 2002). In his book, Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All, Author Paul Offit does well in informing readers of the ongoing debate regarding the safety and implementation of vaccinations. Offit begins his book by equatingRead MoreThe Anti Vaccination Movement Has Been On The Rise Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesRecently the anti-vaccination movement has been on the rise. It all started with one study that suggested that the increasing rates of people diagnosed with autism is directly related to vaccines. Parents whose children were healthy babies and then started showing symptoms of autism were quick to blame vaccines. It is normal for symptoms of autism to not show up immediately, but some parents assume that this must mean that something caused it. Vaccines are something that many children get startingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Immunizations : Victims Of Their Own Success By Tony Cappello966 Words   |  4 Pages What do all these celebrities have in common? All of them are anti-vaccine. The articles that I have found that relate to my field of study are â€Å"Immunizations: Victims of Their Own Success† by Tony Cappello and â€Å"Addressing the Anti- Vaccination Movement and the Roles of HCW† by S. Tafuri, MS Gallone, MG Cappelli, D. Martinelli, R Prato, et al. Both of these articles are trying to portray the importance of the importance of vaccines to everyone, ranging from parents all the way to health care workers

Business Ethics Has Been Difficult For Me Essay - 1486 Words

Business Ethics has been difficult for me. I have not had any background in business and so learning the vocabulary was definitely a challenge. The course as a whole has many different parts. The lecture and notes as well as the case readings. The case readings tied all of the vocabulary together and helped me to put the information we have learned into a real life scenario. Overall, Business Ethics has been a great way for me to learn about different companies. I also believe this course helped me to look behind the scenes at the layers of business, and overall the course gave me a better knowledge and understanding of business as a whole. I have never taken a business class before, and to be honest, I had no idea what I was getting myself into with this particular course. The vocabulary was all very new to me as were a lot of the concepts. I had to really digest each slide on my own and break down a lot of the vocabulary that other students might have known due to a background in b usiness. This class did enhance my knowledge of business and business ethics. I wouldn’t necessarily say the course changed my view on business, as I didn’t really have a view. The course did give me a view on business, that I now have. I think it was important for me to take this course because I will benefit from knowing more about business ethics, and also business in general. One of my favorite parts of the course was reading all the different cases. I found the cases really helped meShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 Pageswith ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and m ust reconcile a course of action that will mitigate cognitive dissonance. In order toRead MoreThe Role Of Accounting And Finance Methods1710 Words   |  7 PagesAccounting and finance methods have been the regular way utilise by organisations to evaluate and assess the performance of the business. Accounting and finance play a vital part in establishing and examining certain and quantifiable strategic objectives, enabling the business to function proficiently and effectually. The role of financial and non-financial data for strategic decision-making is highlighted in several explanations of accounting. I’ve recognised that accounting can be seen as theRead MoreThe Pillars of Business’s Philosophy817 Words   |  3 Pagesproductive organization such as product quality, product demand, business locations, and the product itself. Although these things are very important in the success of a business they can fail even with a high quality product or even a desired product. On the flip side a business can find ways to make profits with products that aren’t even that good in quality or are expensive. When I think about something that will truly set a business apart from being another product or service I think of a business’sRead MoreAccounting Career Goals Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesEach person has a different idea of what it means to be successful. After talking to my family and some friends, I know that I have several strengt hs and weaknesses. I know that I will face some opportunities and threats. Also, I know that I will have competitors. In this competitive business world, understanding what is truly valuable to me is a major step towards achieving my goal. My strengths are my languages, technology skills, education, work ethic and the ability to follow directions. My weaknessesRead MoreVirtue, Ethics and Morality in Business Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesVirtue, Ethics and Morality in Business To understand, virtue, ethics, and morality we must first understanding there meanings. According to Boatright, â€Å"†morality and ethics are interchangeable; however, they have some subtle differences.† (Ethics and Conduct of Business, Boatright) Webster’s Dictionary describes ethics as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; a set or moral principles. Webster’s Dictionary describes moral as of or relating toRead MoreExamples Of Hard Work Ethic Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding family and friends, education, and a hard work ethic. Without one or the other, they all fail. Without a work ethic, I would never have the motivation to get an education, or even attempt to prosper in life. Having a strong work ethic is a characteristic that everyone should have in order to be successful. My work ethic was driven by my parents at a young age and this helps me to gain respect for bosses, professors, and cowor kers. It also gave me dedication through hard work, during my high schoolRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Business World945 Words   |  4 Pagespresents an ethical dilemma that many people in the business world face every single day. I am being asked to deceive the company’s major competitor to gain advantage over them in their production of a new, high quality fax machine. I understand that this trickery is wrong, but still need a paying job to support myself. I am torn between staying true to my moral beliefs and doing what’s right for the business. Technology is very important in business. For companies who make money off of selling newRead MoreCorporate Business Behavior in Germany1252 Words   |  6 Pagesand ethics in history, and how they could be swayed by one individual. They systematically set their morals aside and allowed one man to dictate the country’s ethical stand. They were subsequently able to recover and even improve what had been so easily given away. When it comes to current ethics in German businesses, they are becoming more and more influenced by American business and international trade. While Germany had, in the past, been recognized as a model for personal and business ethicsRead MoreIts a Good Business by Solomon1525 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of It’s Good Business The author Robert Solomon argues that ethics has to an integral part with regard to business management. He does not believe that business management must include unethical or illegal methods to be able to succeed. Solomon preaches that business management is not as simple as obtaining revenue. â€Å"Businesses need to abide by fair policies and their owners have to be ethical in dealing with their customers† (Shaw p. 37). The author acknowledges that while illegal practicesRead MoreMoral And Ethical Dilemmas Of The Millennial Generation And Generation Z1637 Words   |  7 Pagesmorality, alongside the ethics, behind each of those reasons. Merriam-Webster defines morals as â€Å"of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior† and ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.† Thus one sees the interconnectedness between both definitions. Morals are the internal decisions of a person, and ethics are the external but are entirely based on one’s morals. The Millennial Generation and Generation Z have been raised to believe

Essay English Language and Linguistics

Question: Write a research essay on "English Language and Linguistics". Answer: Research Problem Today English is a universal language and at the same time, English is a commercial language as well, therefore, this language is required everywhere, especially to have a job. In Saudi Arabia, although the English language is treated as a second language and the way the language is taught to the pupils is completely teacher-centric, where the teacher is the active player and the students are the passive listener (Almalki, 2014). The teachers, who are there in the schools of Saudi Arabia, are not well trained and not competent enough to provide good lectures and notes to the people. Moreover, in case of teaching Grammar-Translation, the teachers in the schools of Saudi Arabia, especially, teachers in the public schools of Saudi Arabia, use the Arabic language to save time and to finish the curriculum within a particular time. The things that are there in the curriculum are not at all related in any way to the deductive topics and thus the ability to think critically and the skill of thinking critically is not developed among the individuals. According to many critics and scholars in Saudi Arabia, English is not being treated as a language of communication, and the scholars believe that there should be a change in this way of thinking and the teachers should develop contemporary method of teaching the English today, as a means of communication. The teachers in Saudi Arabia, should use the modern technology for teach the students and therefore, teachers should be well trained and should have all the knowledge about modern day communication that will help in teaching the language to the students. Apart from this particular thing, the teachers should try to bring in a change in the curriculum and should try to redesign the textbooks at the same time, to make sure that the way English language is taught to the people in Saudi Arabia, is effective for them in their employment sector. The research here deals with the problem that the students in Saudi Arabia are facing because English there is not taught as a communicative language, and whether the use technology and multimedia is effective to teach student English in a perfect communicative way. Research Rationale and Significance The research aim at designing model lesson plan that would aim at using modern technologies, for teaching effective communicative English language to the students of Saudi Arabia, and at the same time it would help in developing those skills among the students that will help them to critically think about the certain problem. The modern technology that could be use for the purpose of teaching communicative English language to the people include, using movies and songs for the purpose of teaching and at the same time the graphical novels could be used as well. The modern technologies would help the teachers in building their own lesson plan, which would help the students to learn language effectively without any problem (Mahboob Elyas, 2014). The research here proposed to come up with significant results that would help the teachers to introduce the English language in a proper way to the students, with the help of the modern technology. The research would be significant because it would guide the teachers to come up with such lesson plans that are not teacher centric, rather with such plans, that are, student centric. The research outcome will be significant for the students, because it will help them to acquire the language both for the academics and at the same time for the purpose conversation as well. Research Question The following research here, tries to answer the following questions: RQ1: How the modern technology would help in providing effective Communicative Language Teaching or CLT? RQ2: Does the modern language helps in developing the reading and writing skills in foreign language? RQ3: Does the modern technology helps in eliminating the drawbacks, which were there in the traditional teaching methods? RQ4: What are the problems that are associated with the implementation of the modern technology in the classrooms of Saudi Arabia? RQ5: Is the method of using modern technology for CLT appealing to all the students and the teachers of Saudi Arabia? RQ 6: What are the impact of the parental values and the beliefs on the learning outcome of the student? RQ 7: How the increased class time of the English language teaching helps in developing the skills of the students in the school? Research Design The descriptive research process is being used in this particular research because the particular type of research design would help in analyzing the participants in the research in an accurate way. The particular research method, according to The Office of Human Research Protections, not totally an experimental method, rather it is a method that is being used to define the correlation between a particular thing and the world around it (Gray, 2013). The Descriptive design, include unique number of variables, and while in other kinds of research design there is the need of multiple variable in case of analysis, in case of descriptive research design it can be either multiple variable or it can be done with the help of a single variable as well. In case reporting on the percentage summary the use of the single variable could be used as well, and it could be easily done with the help of the single variable. The particular research design is not restricted within the quantitative and the qualitative analysis but at the same time, it includes the method of data collection and data analysis as well. The descriptive research design mainly aims at answering the question what is; therefore, it frequently uses the survey and at the same times the observation method (Wiek, Withycombe, Redman, Mills, 2011). Methodology The methodology that is being used in this particular research is the following: Literature Review: The particular research has the in-depth study of the literature that is obtained from various sources. The sources that has helped in this in-depth study include; the books and the journals, that are bought or being assessed from the library. It includes the online articles, journals and other web resources as well. The resources helped in having knowledge about the type of teaching that is being practiced in schools of Saudi Arabia, and how the use of the modern technology in countries, such as Australia, has turned to be effective in case of teaching foreign language (University, 2016). Data Collection: The data for this particular research has been collected in two different ways and those two are the following ways: Quantitative Data Collection: The quantitative data is being collected from the focus group in a tabulated form that includes both the numerical and the scores. The quantitative data should include questions like whether the multimedia is effective, for the students to learn the English for the purpose of academics and career development, or whether it is creating a pressure on the students. Qualitative Data Collection: The qualitative data would include the interviews of both the students and the teachers who are the part of the learning process. The qualitative way of data collection would help in knowing why the teachers are not adopting such a CLT method that would be helpful for the students to learn the language even for the communication as well. The qualitative data collection includes the interview transcript of the students as well. The students try to answer whether the way the language is being taught is effect for their career development or not. Mapping: Mapping comes at the beginning of the research and it focuses on the four key elements. The four key elements on which mapping focuses include, aims strategies, data collection and lastly on data analysis. The method of mapping is included in the qualitative method of data collection. The method of mapping includes three most important kind of mapping and those are the mind mapping, concept and the cognitive mapping. Focus Group: Focus group forms an important part of the qualitative data because focus group consists of those people, who would interview for the data collection. The data collection method, include that focus group that is not fully structured but rather the focus group is a semi-structured group where there can be a leader and they try to answer the questions on a particular topic. In this particular research the focus group would consists not only the students, who are studying English language in the schools of Saudi Arabia, rather it would consists both the student and the teachers. The teachers experience, and what they think about this particular topic and whether multimedia education and technology should be used for teaching English or not, are those questions that the teachers should answer. The point of the view of the students and the teachers both are important in this particular research and therefore, both of them would form the focus group. At the time of the focus g roup session there will be not only the audio recording of the people in the group but at the same time there would be certain amount of video recording as well, and both will be required for later data analysis section. Along with the audio and the video recordings there should be transcript of the whole interview and at the same time there should be two or three fellow researchers during the session, all of whom will be engaged in the process of note taking that will be later required for the purpose of data analysis. The notes that the researcher will take will take into account the non-verbal behavior of the focus group. Narrative Analysis: Narrative analysis is the part of the qualitative analysis where the researcher focuses on the making and using of the stories of the people to interpret the world around them. In this particular scenario also, the researcher would try to analyze the things that are being said both by the student and the teachers of Saudi Arabia is true or not. Narrative analysis is not about collecting sets of fact; rather it is about finding whether the stories that are narrated by the people who are interviewed are true or not. Archival materials: Archival data collection again is a part of the qualitative data collection method. It is one of the secondary method of data collection and this particular method of data collection, which include wide range of empirical materials, which the individual use for their own use or could even prepare to help the organization. The empirical materials include things like weblog, diaries, letters, and photographs on one hand and on the other hand, it could include things like, press releases, magazine articles, and things such as these. Archival data refers both to the interviews and to the field notes, therefore, it contribute a great deal on the theoretical part of the research that is being carried out. In this particular research, the diaries of the students and annual reports that would be collected from the schools, along with other things, and this would help in finding whether the traditional method of teaching the English language to the student effecting the st udents or not. Drawing: Drawing methodologies is an art-based or a visual methodology that will help in knowing the cognitive psychology of those who are being interviewed. The particular research methodology helps, especially in those researches that are being used to know the voice of the children. Therefore, in this particular research also the voice of the children studying in the schools of Saudi Arabia and is the part of the English language that is being taught in the schools. Thus, the drawings are used in the methodology part, and it helps in having a clear view of the cognitive development of the interviewer, it is to some extent, reflective in nature. Reflective Diaries: The qualitative data at times can be bias and therefore, there is an influence of the researchers on the participants (Ortlipp, 2016). The influence that is there on the participants could affect the findings of the research and therefore, to avoid such a thing it is important to maintain a reflective diary, which would record all the experiences and the feelings, and it would actually contribute to the findings and analysis of the research. The diary would at least help in maintaining the transparency in the research process (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2016).. Data Analysis: The data that is being collected could be analyzed in the following ways: Quantitative Data Analysis: The quantitative data that is being collected could be analyzed with the method of statistical and graphical analysis (Mertens, 2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: Documentation is a process of analyzing the qualitative data, as it will keep the record of the data that was collected during the fieldwork. The documentation analysis includes all the data that is collected in the form of notes, interview scripts and tapes and volume of notes. Paradigm The research philosophy that is being used in this particular research is the research is the interpretive philosophy. The research here tries to find out the truth about the CLT in Saudi Arabia, and the research wants to grab that truth even from a simple fact, therefore, this particular research philosophy has been chosen. The researcher here, will not only, interacts with the environment but also at the same time the researcher here will interpret the events and the meanings that are drawn from this particular environment. Theory The English is treated as a second language in Saudi Arabia and that is why most of the time the knowledge that is being provided to the students do not support them in their academic career or in their employment career. The various and different kind of approaches that could be used in the classroom to improve the way of teaching English include: Discourse Approach: In this particular approach emphasis is given t the language and the linguistic component of the English language. Therefore, there is the enhancement of the students pragmatic and the linguistic competencies. In case of learning, a foreign language one think should made sure that the foreign language fits perfectly with the culture and the context of the country. Apart from ensuring this, the teacher should ensure that the grammar, vocabulary, the translation, and all other things are given importance. Discourse approach help in developing the language skills in a student, especially this particular theory or approach is helpful for those students who are using the language for the purpose of communication Multiple Intelligence: The multiple intelligence would help in developing such a technique that would be helpful for everyone, or rather it can be said that it would be helpful for the people of all types of intelligence. The particular theory, if it is being applied properly then it have the tendency to outperform and could provide the best of the student in the classroom teaching. Multimedia Classroom: The multimedia classroom approach is an approach that is being adopted by the teachers, and this includes the implementation of the modern technology in the classroom. The modern technology includes those technologies that would help in conveying message both through the audio and the visual medium (Ushioda, 2013). Method and Ethics The ethical guidelines in this particular study will be followed to answer the questions that are related to the relativity of the context about the issues such as the participation of the participants and the impact the particular research outcome would have and it is based on the confidentiality of the research at the same time. Therefore, while making the research proposal and during the time of the study and the research the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, should be followed, to ensure that none of the code of conduct is actually broken (Punch, 2009). The research should be conducted in such an environment where there is intellectual honesty and integrity and at the same time, there is scientific and social rigor. The researcher should go by the ethical principles and at the same time, and the same time justice and beneficence would be maintain during the time of conducting the research. The particular research has also given respect to the person as well as to the animals at the same time. The research should also go by the professional standards, as well as the contractual agreement and should go by the legal agreement at the same time. Therefore, at the time of conducting this particular research, it has been ensured that all the guidelines are being followed properly, and there is not deviation, of any kind, anywhere. References Almalki, M. M. (2014).Teacher Perception of a New English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Curriculum in Saudi Arabia(Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Fredonia). Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2016).Research Methods in Education: 7th Edition (Paperback) - Routledge.Routledge.com. Retrieved 29 May 2016, from Gray, D. E. (2013).Doing research in the real world. Sage. Mahboob, A., Elyas, T. (2014). English in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.World Englishes,33(1), 128-142. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Sage Publications. Ortlipp, M. (2016).Keeping and Using Reflective Journals in the Qualitative Research Process(1st ed.). Albury, Australia: Charles Sturt University, Punch, K. F. (2009).Introduction to research methods in education. Sage. University, L. (2016).edu5rme research methods in ed.Latrobe.edu.au. Retrieved 29 May 2016. Ushioda, E. (Ed.). (2013).International perspectives on motivation: Language learning and professional challenges. Palgrave Macmillan. Wiek, A., Withycombe, L., Redman, C., Mills, S. B. (2011). Moving forward on competence in sustainability research and problem solving.Environment,53(2), 3-13.

Muet Sample free essay sample

Which of the following is the most important factor that can affect the reputation of a family? i)Behaviour of family members ii)Income levels of family members iii)Educational levels of family members iv)Occupations of family members   The public has been advised that the consumption of water should be reduced. Where can you save water most? i)At home ii)In schools iii)In public places iv)In restaurant For any teamwork to succeed,it is most important to choose agood team leader. What are the qualities that you would look for in choosing a good leader? )Well-liked and well-respected ii)Knowledgeable and competent iii)Patient and rational iv)Fair and open-minded 4) The increasing price of foodstuff affects everyone. Suggest how you can save money spent on foodstuff. Which is the following is most effective in saving money spent on foodstuff. i)Eating more home-cooked food ii)Buying only the foodstuff that you need iii)Growing fruits and vegetables iv)Not wasting food (BOOKLET 5) Mal aysians should be proud of the fact that various groups can live together in peace and harmony because of our generally tolerant nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Muet Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How can this be improved? To which group of people should we know our greatest tolerance? i)People of different cultures ii)People from different age groups iii)People with dfferent habits iv)People who are disabled.There has been a lot of discussions on what should be done to young people who break the law. Suggest what action should be taken. Which of the following is the most effective way to reform young people who have broken the law? i)Send to jail ii)Send to rehabilitation centres iii)Made to do social work for a number of hours iv)Place under the guidance of mentors. Lifespan and health conditions have improved tremendously. As a result,many people who retire in their fifties are still fit and alert. Suggest options available for people of this age group. Discuss which of the following will most benefit retired people. i)To be re-employed ii)To start a small business iii)To do social work iv)To learn something new .It has been said that young people in Malaysia today are considered lucky. Why it this so? Whis of the following has helped young Malaysians today the most? i)They grew in a time of peace and prosperity i)They have easy access to more information iii)The government has provided better facilities for sports and recreation. iv)The education system has offered them more opportunities .  Malaysian food manufacturers would like to sell more of their products overseas. Suggest what they can do. Which is the most effective way of increasing sales of Malaysian food products overseas? i)Improve the packaging of the products ii)Maintain high standard of quality iii)Promote the product internationally iv)Make the products easily available overseas. To develop responsibility is very important in life.

Plato and Aristotle Criticisms of Democracy

Table of Contents Plato’s criticism of democracy How should experts in government be selected? The principle of social justice Aristotle’s criticism of democracy Concept of private property How valid are the arguments of Plato and Aristotle? References Plato’s criticism of democracy Plato criticises the free choices or freedoms in democracy and the free choice of occupation. An important theory that comes from Socrates states that control of policy in government should be given in the hands of the ‘guardians’. The guardians are those who have reason or a dominating faculty which allows them to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plato and Aristotle: Criticisms of Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Morality can be guarded and ensured if those given the chance to have power over it are those whose actions are rul ed by reason. The others who are not dominated by reason should not be allowed to take control of policy. (Sofroniou 2007, p. 75) People in government should have moral knowledge and not just moral opinion. According to Plato, this is a requirement in order for a government to be moral. An ordinary citizen can have opinion about good things in life but may not have good moral judgement. He does not know if such things are good if he does not know how to distinguish the ‘essence of goodness’ and its corresponding attributes or manifestations. If a citizen does not possess this power or quality, he will not be able to know the goodness of a thing. To speak of it in our present time, there are only a few people who are given the power of ‘sound judgement about what is right and what is wrong’ and should have the power to make policy. Plato opposed the doctrine that everyone should be allowed to express his or her own opinion, to state his beliefs or to influen ce policies because those who are not trained to function in government do not have enough reason and do not exactly know what is right and what is wrong. A moral government should be controlled by those with moral knowledge and not with mere moral opinion. In order to expound on this clearly, Plato makes another distinction, that between Forms and their apparent manifestations. Plato would like to distinguish the ‘essence’ of beauty and the manifestations of beauty. For Plato these are two different things – essence and manifestations of beauty. (Sofroniou 2007, p. 75)Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modern philosophers have interpreted this distinction with their examples of ‘particular’s and ‘universals’. For example, an orange has its individual qualities, the particulars, but oranges have general qualities of colour, taste, smell, and so on. An orange may have a particular sweet taste – it may be sweeter than another orange but the universal quality is that all oranges have sweet taste. Plato suggests that a thing is beautiful if it has the Form of beauty. We will know that a thing is beautiful if we know the Form of beauty, or the thing has the presence of that Form, and not on our mere belief that the thing is beautiful. Knowledge depends upon what we know of the universals. Having knowledge of the Form is important before one can have the wisdom to act and according to Plato this is a prerequisite before he can act on his own life or anything about the state. This is true with goodness and the Form of goodness. The Form of goodness enables us to understand the goodness of a thing. This is compared to the sun which makes our eyes see and makes things visible to everyone.(Sofroniou 2007, p. 76) The Form of the Good, according to Socrates, may not be the same with universal characteristic. But S ocrates believes the objective difference between good and bad acts and humans know how to recognise this difference and distinction. Socrates suggests that only the philosophers can do it. A philosopher is one who has the ‘passion to see the truth’. He knows how to discern the essence of the thing and does not confuse things. For this reason, Socrates concludes that philosophers should be kings – political power and philosophy should meet so that people can rest from troubles and there will be peace in the land. (Sofroniou 2007, p. 77) Plato suggests that a government should be composed of experts. He does not conform to the democratic system that people should select the kind of leaders to make the policy of government because those who are elected in office will only do what satisfies public demand and do not even know the essence of things and the many manifestations of things. Experts in government should be selected according to their knowledge of the essen ce of things.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Plato and Aristotle: Criticisms of Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How should experts in government be selected? According to Plato, someone who has the capability to have knowledge of the Good needs training or his mind should be trained for this purpose. And another important thing is that someone who has this kind of knowledge and training should live apart from temptations so that he is able to perform his solemn duty.(Sofroniou 2007, p. 78) Plato criticises the free choice of occupation and the free choice of being politician. In the play, Socrates proposed in social justice that one should perform one social service according to his best nature or capacity – one should perform according to what he knows best. He must not perform the job of a cobbler if he is a carpenter, or perform the job of a carpenter if he is a cobbler, or perform both. If this happens, he does a great disservice to the city and it would cause a problem. (Santas 2010, p. 171) Multitasking results in a great problem for the city, Socrates suggests. A money maker should not become a soldier, or a soldier cannot become a counsellor and guardian, or one man cannot perform all those functions; otherwise, he gives a ‘ruin of the city’ (Santas 2010, p. 171). The principle of social justice The principle of social justice, as suggested in the Republic, is that one should perform for what he is best suited and should not be permitted to do anything that he cannot do best; anyone should also not be permitted to change occupation from something for which she can do best to something she cannot do best, and this applies to all. Why can this harm the city? According to Socrates, this goes all the way to the principle of division of labour which makes things easier, rather than each one do all the things he/she can do – be it productio n of food, shelter and clothing. People are born with different talents and capabilities needed in different occupations. An individual can do best on one particular thing while another one can do best on other things. He cannot do many things because doing best on one occupation requires time, education, training, and so on. (Santas 2010, p. 172) Socrates’ reasoning is still applicable in our time. Division of labour is applied in production. In communities, we get the right people for the right job.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Firms have human resource management to get the best person for the job. And it is not possible to have two jobs for one person even if that person is multi-talented – his performance will be affected. It is still best if people are chosen and perform their job according to their knowledge and training. Aristotle’s criticism of democracy Aristotle’s criticisms of democracy are varied and still practiced up to today. They can be applied in many governments today. They are present in many of human activities. Aristotle says that there is a tendency for democracy to be excessive. More democracy is the usual cry of democrats. A democrat starts with a cry for justice and equality; then he identifies this with the masses and the sovereignty and will of the people. He ends up with absolute freedom (Coats 1994, p. 54). Absolute freedom and absolute ownership of property go together. Extreme democracy, according to Aristotle, allows the political domination of a small gr oup of citizenry over all the members of a polity (Ober 2001, p. 328). Aristotle says that democracy can change and like any other human activity, it is subject to change. Democracy can turn into oligarchy or oligarchy into democracy, but there are other forms of democracy and also other forms of oligarchy. From oligarchy, tyranny can take place and tyranny terminates progress. (Simpson 1998, p. 419) Aristotle in his writings taught that there is a system of check in democracy, something which is found in the American system. This kind of check is present in the powerful and the elite. Bureaucrats are criticised by the people, and when the people are organised, they oppose every proposed measure which is good for the people. (Wilson, Cheek, Power, Cheek 2001, p. 242) Aristotle sometimes agreed with Plato that democracy is not an ‘ideal political constitution’ but it distorts and corrupts something else. Aristotle attacks what democracy creates: the people’s ambi valence to what they call social justice; political chaos; seeming lack of morality by the so-called elite; the holding on to power by a select few; etc. (Corcoran 1983, p. 17) Aristotle considers polity is a form of government or state – it is constitutional and applies to what we now know as democracy. Aristocracy has a constitution which diverts from democracy or it may have a mix of oligarchic and democratic ideals. But Aristotle recognizes democracy as the best that we can ever have as a form of government – it is ‘a government of, by, and for the people’ (Jayapalan 2002, p. 139). It is false to state that democracy is a government by the poor because rich countries of the world have the democratic form of government – with all the weaknesses and barriers that democracy can offer to the poor. But it is still the best, or perhaps better than dictatorship. Aristotle does not recognize or mention other forms of government like Parliamentary, Repre sentative, or Totalitarian form. (Jayapalan 2002, p. 139) Concept of private property Aristotle’s criticism on private property is often the subject of commentaries of philosophers. It is interesting and worth the time because it is one of the original concepts of socialism: wealth should not be used for private gain but for the common good. Property enables an organised community to be well constituted and in a well-organised polity common means should be given to all people. (Frank 2005, p. 55) Aristotle prefers the word ‘holding’ instead of ownership but he rejects common ownership by Plato. He is not opposed to private property but anyone with property should also have the power over it. He opposes forced redistribution of property because it may lead to civil strife. (Frank 2005, p. 55) But if people have private property, there should be one for common use, with laws applied to it, properties like land and crops, political offices, and so on. This gives a p ublic dimension to the concept of property. Scholars regard property as an instrument; theorists hold that it is an instrument to accumulation of wealth. Property can lead to wealth and virtue. But Aristotle says that too much property can harm the owner or possessor of property. The summary of Aristotle’s understanding of property is that property is both private and public. Excessive property will not do any good to its owner. (Frank 2005, p. 56) How valid are the arguments of Plato and Aristotle? The world’s main source of Greek political thought, the old and modern tenets of democracy are the writings of Plato and Aristotle. No way can they be considered not valid. Plato is Aristotle’s predecessor and most of their writings agree although there are times that they deviate from their original ideas. Plato and Aristotle have anti-democratic biases which sometimes render obstacle to a political-science student’s serious study of ancient political thought . But they are more than valid and are even applicable to today’s democratic practices. Plato’s criticism on the many kinds of regimes depends on the degree from which they have departed from ideal democracy. Aristotle’s criticism on democracy and oligarchy are very valid in the sense that they sometimes both meet on their extremes. For example, when democrats cry for justice, they go to the extent of seeking the people’s support but when they are given the freedom, they abuse power. Oligarchs are old-time democrats who have lost their being democrats because of their long stay in the system. They are used to democracy that they have taken it for granted. They have transformed into oligarchs. (Yunis 1996, p. 26) In contrast to Plato, Aristotle warns of excessive property for excessive wealth brings harm to the possessor. Aristotle’s words echo in the lobbies and corridors of wealth and power in congress and in the skyscrapers of businesses in New Y ork and Wall Street where money sells like hotcake, or ‘money doesn’t sleep’. It is here where according to Plato freedom becomes absolute because the democrat continues to cry for justice. Plato and Aristotle both opposed absolute freedom. Plato said that if all people are allowed to express themselves, there will be chaos. This is the freedom of expression that is a primary freedom of the world today. Take this out and there will be chaos and war. But this is one of the primary causes of war – the freedom to express one’s self. While both Plato and Aristotle are proponents of democracy, they want a controlled democracy. It may be called an ‘autocratic democracy’. But this could be an ideal state. There are states practicing this form of autocratic democracy. Some call it a police state. And they are successful in some sense. References Coats, W 1994, A theory of Republican character and related essays, Susquehanna University Press, U. S.A. Corcoran, P 1983, â€Å"The limits of democratic theory†, in G Duncan (ed.), Democratic theory and practice, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge and New York, pp. 13-24. Frank, J 2005, A democracy of distinction: Aristotle and the work of politics, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. Jayapalan, N 2002, Comprehensive study of Aristotle, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Ober, J 2001, Political dissent in democratic Athens: intellectual critics of popular rule, Princeton University Press, Oxford and New Jersey. Santas, G 2010, Understanding Plato’s Republic, John Wiley Sons Inc., West Sussex. Simpson, P 1998, A philosophical commentary on the politics of Aristotle, University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina. Sofroniou, A 2007, Moral philosophy, from Hippocrates to the 21st aeon, Lulu.com, UK. Wilson, F, Cheek, H, Power, M, Cheek, K 2001, Political philosophy and cultural renewal: collected essays, Trans action Publishers, New Jersey. Yunis, H 1996, Taming democracy: models of political rhetoric in classical Athens, Cornell University, New York. This research paper on Plato and Aristotle: Criticisms of Democracy was written and submitted by user Kyla Burt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Song of Solomon by Tony Morrison essays

Song of Solomon by Tony Morrison essays Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon is considered to be by critics and readers alike one of the most significant novels of the African American literature. It is the creative result of one of the most acclaimed writers of the American cultural scene. The author draws her inspiration and writing motivation from a deep cultural heritage which is quite obvious throughout the novel. In doing so, she makes use of different literary techniques and details which enable her to perfectly express her intensions by drawing up individual and well defined characters and at the same time present her all around perspective on life. In order to best capture the profound meanings of the novel in its entirety, it is important to analyze specific elements of the literary construction. The major theme of the writing can be identified in the desire to fly. It can be said that indeed this is the axis mundi of the novel. The symbolist approach of the flight as means of escaping is used in two parallel constructions, thus creating a repetition at the level of two different generations. The major character in this repetition is Solomon, who is also the one known for his escape from slavery. Solomon was the first black person to escape slavery. The story was that he flew back to Africa. However, his escape has more significance for the structure of the novel. He is seen as a hero by the local community and this perspective also justifies the name of the novel. O Solomon dont leave me here, Cotton balls to choke me. O Solomon dont leave me here, Buckras arms to yoke me. Solomon done fly, Solomon done gone. Solomon cut ac ross the sky, Solomon gone home (Morrison, 1987). It represents mans desire for freedom, from constrains of the society and of the injustice and hardships of life. The same idea is repeated when Robert Smith decides to fly from the roof of the Mercy Hospital. However he fails to achieve his goal...

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